Published human microarray and murine linkage studies have also demonstrated the importance of TGFBR3 in emphysema and lung function, and our group and others have previously found association of COPD-related traits with TGFB1, a ligand for TGFBR3.
Polymorphisms of promoters of TNF-α (rs 361525 and rs 1800629) and TGF-β1 (rs 1800469) in 110 COPD patients, 110 nonsmoker health controls without COPD, and 34 smokers were evaluated.
Of these variants, four were significantly associated with COPD susceptibility in random effects meta-analysis, the GSTM1 null variant (OR 1.45, CI 1.09-1.92), rs1800470 in TGFB1 (0.73, CI 0.64-0.83), rs1800629 in TNF (OR 1.19, CI 1.01-1.40) and rs1799896 in SOD3 (OR 1.97, CI 1.24-3.13).
Moreover, as a combination of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TGF-β1 have been shown to have a cumulative impact on the severity of airflow limitation in COPD, the TNF-α release was also measured in a representative subgroup of patients.
LPS directly induced CTGF expression in bronchial epithelial cells, independently of transforming growth factor-beta1, suggesting a possible mechanism for airway remodelling in COPD that is induced by smoking and repeated bacterial infections.
It has been hypothesized that polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (<i>TGF-β1</i>) gene on chromosome 19 modify the risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
In addition, increased expression of TGF-beta1 in COPD lungs and primary cells, such as epithelial cells, macrophages, or fibroblasts isolated from COPD specimens, was reported, suggesting an impact of TGF-beta signalling on the development and progression of COPD.
Here, we genotyped 44 SNPs from four genes (EPHX1, GSTP1, SERPINE2, and TGFB1) in 310 patients and 203 controls which belonged to the Chinese Han population to test the two-way and three-way genetic interactions with COPD-related quantitative traits using recently developed generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) and quantitative multifactor dimensionality reduction (QMDR) algorithms.
Haplotype analysis showed that the frequencies of the GC, GT haplotypes of rs2241718 (TGF-β1 gene), and rs6957 (CDC97 gene) were significantly higher in the control group than in the COPD case group (p=1.88×10-9); the frequencies of the TT haplotype of rs1205 and rs2808630 (CRP gene) were significantly higher in the control group (p=0.0377).
Furthermore, compared with untreated rats with COPD, <i>C. sinensis</i> reduced the expression level of phosphorylated (p)-Smad2, p-Smad3, TGF-β1 and its receptors, with the concomitant increased expression of Smad7 in the lungs of rats with COPD.
Eight SNPs in TGFB1 (rs2241712, rs1982072, and rs1800469 in the promoter region; rs1982073 in exon 1; rs2241716 and rs4803455 in intron 2; rs6957 and rs2241718 in the 3' region) were genotyped by allelic discrimination assays in 70 COPD patients with emphysema phenotype and 99 healthy smokers.
After carbachol (CCh) or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) exposure, the response to glycopyrronium and indacaterol was determined in vitro in fibroblasts isolated from mild-to-moderate COPD lung tissue.
Abnormal expression of TGF-beta1 is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic inflammatory and immune lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.
Transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) is upregulated in asthma and COPD and contributes to tissue remodeling in the airways by driving ECM production by structural cells, including airway smooth muscle.
Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a potent mediator of fibrosis stimulating the secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and is involved in airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).